Report CER66HWS22, US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. J Waterway Port Coastal Ocean Eng-Asce, 1992, 118: 15–31 Experimental investigation on the stability of bride girder against tsunami forces. Analysis on the local scour around complex piers of a sea-crossing bridge (in Chinese). LLC, USA: Water Resources Publications, 2000

The results also show that it takes a shorter time for the scour depth to reach its equilibrium with the measures under either coexisting currents and waves or currents only than ones without the measures. All the tested scour measures reduce the scour depth by 17.6%–42.6% under the action of currents only and 5.8%–24.0% under the combined action of both currents and waves. A comparison between maximum scour depth with the countermeasures and one without the countermeasures demonstrates the efficiency of countermeasures. In terms of the evolution of scour depth and bed topography around the pile, the scour countermeasures are evaluated, subjected to steady currents with or without irregular waves. Their arrangements follow the suggested optimal configurations, with some of them slightly modified. The countermeasures are sacrificial piles, downstream bed sill, sleeve and slot in the pile.

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate effects of four flow-altering scour countermeasures placed around a foundation pile under currents only as well as under coexisting waves and currents.

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